Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

This class fuses three different styles of Yoga into one class. What all of these practices have in common is that they are all passive and meditative in nature. The use of props for support is only necessary for the Restorative portion of the practice, although it is common in both Yin and Yoga Nidra practices, as well and since we will have them nearby, the option will always be available to do so. These practices are somewhat of an introduction to meditation, as they encourage "non-doing" or simply being present, which is often challenging for those who are addicted to constant movement and activities that are considered to have more physical value. This practice focuses on pranayama (breath work), training the brain by taming the mind within stillness, and re-inhabiting our bodies. We will be holding poses for anywhere from two to ten minutes. We will begin with Yin to open up the fascia, or connective tissue, of the body, we will move next into the Restorative section to relax the nervous system, and we will end with Yoga Nidra, a conscious relaxation of rotational awareness throughout the body. The benefits of the practice is to rest our entire system in order to restore balance to our whole being - mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually.

Jess’s Rise & Shine yoga class is designed to work out the kinks and help you feel your best for the day ahead-- both mentally and physically. Each class will begin with a few minutes of centering and breathwork, followed by easeful movement to warm the body and gentle flow-style asana. The class will always end with a few minutes of meditation and/or relaxation to ease the transition from on-the-mat-yoga to off-the-mat-yoga (the yoga of everyday living).

75-minute vinyasa flow for all levels. Modern music. Be ready to sweat and rejuvenate as we practice asana, explore within, re-align the body and soul.

Ashtanga-Based Practice

This is an ashtanga-based practice with a lot of messing around. Fun dynamic practice! Warm-up, sun salutations, hip openers, lots of standing postures, seated postures, arm balances, backbends, inversions - cool down, rest. Everything we can fit into an hour and a half - come and get it!

Wednesdays 6-730pm

This 60-minute class is designed for all levels and will be focused on movement, mobility and release. Our body’s all move in different way, but our joints all have the same general function. By release and rolling out our tissues located around our muscles and joints, we can allow the bodies movement to function with ease. During this class, we will flow through a gentle warm up to awaken our muscles, joints and tissues, followed by a full body release using props, tools and our breath. My goal with teaching the roll and release class is to not only educate people but to allow for a comfortable space for those looking to release tension that we carry with us throughout our daily lives.

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

The vinyasa class is a faster paced class including variations from the Ashtanga lineage. It works core strength and continuous movement to increase heart rates and challenge physical strength. Often set to fun tunes to get the energy moving. All levels welcome.

Movements or exercises are considered ‘functional’ if they support the movement patterns that are necessary for us to function in our daily lives. Functional Yoga merges yoga techniques and modern wisdom to identify imbalances and create a path to extended range of motion, muscle strength and flexibility.

In class we will be focusing on the intention of the postures rather than their appearance. Often in a yoga class, the cues given by the teacher focus on the shape of the pose rather than the intention of the pose. This is understandable because the postures are the tools we use. But the intention behind any posture should be to generate an effect in the body, rather than to simply perform the posture or look good doing so.

We don’t use the body to get into a pose—we use the pose to get into the body.

Realizing this simple fact can free us from dogma and images of perfection, allowing us to work with the body we have. We can then focus on what we are really trying to accomplish in our yoga practice. Not everyone can do every pose, and that’s fine; with a functional approach to yoga practice we’re allowed to avoid trying to achieve a particular shape if it doesn’t generate a benefit or could pose a risk, given our unique anatomical structures.

Core and Balance Yoga Flow will strive to improve your balance, strength and stability within the mind and the body. We will begin by grounding and tuning into the body followed by warming the body through a series of postures focusing on igniting our inner fire and developing core strength. Once the body is warm and the core activated, flow through a sequence of balancing postures that will challenge you to improve your coordination, strength, stability and concentration. Class will end with an extended savasana to absorb the benefits of practice. Modifications offered as well as progression when you feel ready to advance and improve your practice.

The Restorative Slow Flow class is for everyone and anyone who needs to slow down, listen to their body, and rediscover their tranquility. This class blends a gentle flow sequence with longer holds and the calming nature of restorative poses. Allow yourself this time to recharge your body and mind in a warm, welcoming environment.

Jess’s Rise & Shine yoga class is designed to work out the kinks and help you feel your best for the day ahead-- both mentally and physically. Each class will begin with a few minutes of centering and breath work, followed by easeful movement to warm the body and gentle flow-style asana. Class will always end with a few minutes of meditation and/or relaxation to ease the transition from on-the-mat-yoga to off-the-mat-yoga (the yoga of everyday living).

Ayurvedic Yoga Flow with Christie

Ayurvedic Yoga Flow: This class looks at Yoga through the lens of Ayurveda, so it incorporates a few different styles of Yoga into one practice that results in balance for all body types in a group setting. Typically, there is a blend of Pranayama (breath work) while centering and grounding, Yin Yoga or stretching postures to open up, warm-up, Vinyasa Yoga Flow to create heat, cool down, and a Yoga Nidra meditative body scan before a Savasana (supine position.) This is available for all levels of students from beginner to advanced!

Slow flow with longer posture holds. Appropriate for all ability levels.

Kripalu Yoga with Vanessa

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

Ashtanga Practice - Half Primary

This isn’t really a traditional Half Primary but it’s similar. After quick warm-up practitioners will move directly into the sun salutations with traditional Sanskrit count and the full ashtanga standing sequence with plenty of assists/adjustments. Then in the seated sequence, we skip around a bit. Practice finishes with back bending, inversions and rest. This is a great class for folks who want to learn about traditional ashtanga yoga practice. It is a dynamic practice. Modi cations for some of the more advanced postures are provided.

This 60-minute class is designed for all levels and will be focused on movement, mobility, and release. Our body’s all move in a different way, but our joints all have the same general function. By release and rolling out our tissues located around our muscles and joints, we can allow the bodies movement to function with ease. During this class, we will flow through a gentle warm-up to awaken our muscles, joints, and tissues, followed by a full-body release using props, tools, and our breath. My goal with teaching the roll and release class is to not only educate people but to allow for a comfortable space for those looking to release tension that we carry with us throughout our daily lives.

This 75 minute moderate level complete Vinyasa practice will be taught in a way that will allow you to work within your own level of experience. Modifications will be offered and encouraged. Our class will focus on mindful breathing and alignment to support an enjoyable Vinyasa experience, leading you to increased strength, flexibility and unexpected openings.

Easy Ashtanga

This class will focus on the fundamentals of traditional Ashtanga asana practice: breath, bandha, vinyasa. We’ll begin with yoga breathing practices and a little warm-up, then move into sun salutations and the primary standing postures. The class will finish with seated postures and rest. Geared towards those interested in learning about the Ashtanga practice and those just beginning or getting back into yoga practice. Appropriate for all levels.

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

This class fuses three different styles of Yoga into one class. What all of these practices have in common is that they are all passive and meditative in nature. The use of props for support is only necessary for the Restorative portion of the practice, although it is common in both Yin and Yoga Nidra practices, as well and since we will have them nearby, the option will always be available to do so. These practices are somewhat of an introduction to meditation, as they encourage "non-doing" or simply being present, which is often challenging for those who are addicted to constant movement and activities that are considered to have more physical value. This practice focuses on pranayama (breath work), training the brain by taming the mind within stillness, and re-inhabiting our bodies. We will be holding poses for anywhere from two to ten minutes. We will begin with Yin to open up the fascia, or connective tissue, of the body, we will move next into the Restorative section to relax the nervous system, and we will end with Yoga Nidra, a conscious relaxation of rotational awareness throughout the body. The benefits of the practice is to rest our entire system in order to restore balance to our whole being - mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually.

Jess’s Rise & Shine yoga class is designed to work out the kinks and help you feel your best for the day ahead-- both mentally and physically. Each class will begin with a few minutes of centering and breathwork, followed by easeful movement to warm the body and gentle flow-style asana. The class will always end with a few minutes of meditation and/or relaxation to ease the transition from on-the-mat-yoga to off-the-mat-yoga (the yoga of everyday living).

75-minute vinyasa flow for all levels. Modern music. Be ready to sweat and rejuvenate as we practice asana, explore within, re-align the body and soul.

Ashtanga-Based Practice

This is an ashtanga-based practice with a lot of messing around. Fun dynamic practice! Warm-up, sun salutations, hip openers, lots of standing postures, seated postures, arm balances, backbends, inversions - cool down, rest. Everything we can fit into an hour and a half - come and get it!

Wednesdays 6-730pm

This 60-minute class is designed for all levels and will be focused on movement, mobility and release. Our body’s all move in different way, but our joints all have the same general function. By release and rolling out our tissues located around our muscles and joints, we can allow the bodies movement to function with ease. During this class, we will flow through a gentle warm up to awaken our muscles, joints and tissues, followed by a full body release using props, tools and our breath. My goal with teaching the roll and release class is to not only educate people but to allow for a comfortable space for those looking to release tension that we carry with us throughout our daily lives.

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

The vinyasa class is a faster paced class including variations from the Ashtanga lineage. It works core strength and continuous movement to increase heart rates and challenge physical strength. Often set to fun tunes to get the energy moving. All levels welcome.

Movements or exercises are considered ‘functional’ if they support the movement patterns that are necessary for us to function in our daily lives. Functional Yoga merges yoga techniques and modern wisdom to identify imbalances and create a path to extended range of motion, muscle strength and flexibility.

In class we will be focusing on the intention of the postures rather than their appearance. Often in a yoga class, the cues given by the teacher focus on the shape of the pose rather than the intention of the pose. This is understandable because the postures are the tools we use. But the intention behind any posture should be to generate an effect in the body, rather than to simply perform the posture or look good doing so.

We don’t use the body to get into a pose—we use the pose to get into the body.

Realizing this simple fact can free us from dogma and images of perfection, allowing us to work with the body we have. We can then focus on what we are really trying to accomplish in our yoga practice. Not everyone can do every pose, and that’s fine; with a functional approach to yoga practice we’re allowed to avoid trying to achieve a particular shape if it doesn’t generate a benefit or could pose a risk, given our unique anatomical structures.

Core and Balance Yoga Flow will strive to improve your balance, strength and stability within the mind and the body. We will begin by grounding and tuning into the body followed by warming the body through a series of postures focusing on igniting our inner fire and developing core strength. Once the body is warm and the core activated, flow through a sequence of balancing postures that will challenge you to improve your coordination, strength, stability and concentration. Class will end with an extended savasana to absorb the benefits of practice. Modifications offered as well as progression when you feel ready to advance and improve your practice.

The Restorative Slow Flow class is for everyone and anyone who needs to slow down, listen to their body, and rediscover their tranquility. This class blends a gentle flow sequence with longer holds and the calming nature of restorative poses. Allow yourself this time to recharge your body and mind in a warm, welcoming environment.

Jess’s Rise & Shine yoga class is designed to work out the kinks and help you feel your best for the day ahead-- both mentally and physically. Each class will begin with a few minutes of centering and breath work, followed by easeful movement to warm the body and gentle flow-style asana. Class will always end with a few minutes of meditation and/or relaxation to ease the transition from on-the-mat-yoga to off-the-mat-yoga (the yoga of everyday living).

Ayurvedic Yoga Flow with Christie

Ayurvedic Yoga Flow: This class looks at Yoga through the lens of Ayurveda, so it incorporates a few different styles of Yoga into one practice that results in balance for all body types in a group setting. Typically, there is a blend of Pranayama (breath work) while centering and grounding, Yin Yoga or stretching postures to open up, warm-up, Vinyasa Yoga Flow to create heat, cool down, and a Yoga Nidra meditative body scan before a Savasana (supine position.) This is available for all levels of students from beginner to advanced!

Slow flow with longer posture holds. Appropriate for all ability levels.

Kripalu Yoga with Vanessa

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

Ashtanga Practice - Half Primary

This isn’t really a traditional Half Primary but it’s similar. After quick warm-up practitioners will move directly into the sun salutations with traditional Sanskrit count and the full ashtanga standing sequence with plenty of assists/adjustments. Then in the seated sequence, we skip around a bit. Practice finishes with back bending, inversions and rest. This is a great class for folks who want to learn about traditional ashtanga yoga practice. It is a dynamic practice. Modi cations for some of the more advanced postures are provided.

This 60-minute class is designed for all levels and will be focused on movement, mobility, and release. Our body’s all move in a different way, but our joints all have the same general function. By release and rolling out our tissues located around our muscles and joints, we can allow the bodies movement to function with ease. During this class, we will flow through a gentle warm-up to awaken our muscles, joints, and tissues, followed by a full-body release using props, tools, and our breath. My goal with teaching the roll and release class is to not only educate people but to allow for a comfortable space for those looking to release tension that we carry with us throughout our daily lives.

This 75 minute moderate level complete Vinyasa practice will be taught in a way that will allow you to work within your own level of experience. Modifications will be offered and encouraged. Our class will focus on mindful breathing and alignment to support an enjoyable Vinyasa experience, leading you to increased strength, flexibility and unexpected openings.

Easy Ashtanga

This class will focus on the fundamentals of traditional Ashtanga asana practice: breath, bandha, vinyasa. We’ll begin with yoga breathing practices and a little warm-up, then move into sun salutations and the primary standing postures. The class will finish with seated postures and rest. Geared towards those interested in learning about the Ashtanga practice and those just beginning or getting back into yoga practice. Appropriate for all levels.

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

This class fuses three different styles of Yoga into one class. What all of these practices have in common is that they are all passive and meditative in nature. The use of props for support is only necessary for the Restorative portion of the practice, although it is common in both Yin and Yoga Nidra practices, as well and since we will have them nearby, the option will always be available to do so. These practices are somewhat of an introduction to meditation, as they encourage "non-doing" or simply being present, which is often challenging for those who are addicted to constant movement and activities that are considered to have more physical value. This practice focuses on pranayama (breath work), training the brain by taming the mind within stillness, and re-inhabiting our bodies. We will be holding poses for anywhere from two to ten minutes. We will begin with Yin to open up the fascia, or connective tissue, of the body, we will move next into the Restorative section to relax the nervous system, and we will end with Yoga Nidra, a conscious relaxation of rotational awareness throughout the body. The benefits of the practice is to rest our entire system in order to restore balance to our whole being - mentally, emotionally, physically, and spiritually.

Jess’s Rise & Shine yoga class is designed to work out the kinks and help you feel your best for the day ahead-- both mentally and physically. Each class will begin with a few minutes of centering and breathwork, followed by easeful movement to warm the body and gentle flow-style asana. The class will always end with a few minutes of meditation and/or relaxation to ease the transition from on-the-mat-yoga to off-the-mat-yoga (the yoga of everyday living).

75-minute vinyasa flow for all levels. Modern music. Be ready to sweat and rejuvenate as we practice asana, explore within, re-align the body and soul.

Ashtanga-Based Practice

This is an ashtanga-based practice with a lot of messing around. Fun dynamic practice! Warm-up, sun salutations, hip openers, lots of standing postures, seated postures, arm balances, backbends, inversions - cool down, rest. Everything we can fit into an hour and a half - come and get it!

Wednesdays 6-730pm

This 60-minute class is designed for all levels and will be focused on movement, mobility and release. Our body’s all move in different way, but our joints all have the same general function. By release and rolling out our tissues located around our muscles and joints, we can allow the bodies movement to function with ease. During this class, we will flow through a gentle warm up to awaken our muscles, joints and tissues, followed by a full body release using props, tools and our breath. My goal with teaching the roll and release class is to not only educate people but to allow for a comfortable space for those looking to release tension that we carry with us throughout our daily lives.

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

The vinyasa class is a faster paced class including variations from the Ashtanga lineage. It works core strength and continuous movement to increase heart rates and challenge physical strength. Often set to fun tunes to get the energy moving. All levels welcome.

Movements or exercises are considered ‘functional’ if they support the movement patterns that are necessary for us to function in our daily lives. Functional Yoga merges yoga techniques and modern wisdom to identify imbalances and create a path to extended range of motion, muscle strength and flexibility.

In class we will be focusing on the intention of the postures rather than their appearance. Often in a yoga class, the cues given by the teacher focus on the shape of the pose rather than the intention of the pose. This is understandable because the postures are the tools we use. But the intention behind any posture should be to generate an effect in the body, rather than to simply perform the posture or look good doing so.

We don’t use the body to get into a pose—we use the pose to get into the body.

Realizing this simple fact can free us from dogma and images of perfection, allowing us to work with the body we have. We can then focus on what we are really trying to accomplish in our yoga practice. Not everyone can do every pose, and that’s fine; with a functional approach to yoga practice we’re allowed to avoid trying to achieve a particular shape if it doesn’t generate a benefit or could pose a risk, given our unique anatomical structures.

Core and Balance Yoga Flow will strive to improve your balance, strength and stability within the mind and the body. We will begin by grounding and tuning into the body followed by warming the body through a series of postures focusing on igniting our inner fire and developing core strength. Once the body is warm and the core activated, flow through a sequence of balancing postures that will challenge you to improve your coordination, strength, stability and concentration. Class will end with an extended savasana to absorb the benefits of practice. Modifications offered as well as progression when you feel ready to advance and improve your practice.

The Restorative Slow Flow class is for everyone and anyone who needs to slow down, listen to their body, and rediscover their tranquility. This class blends a gentle flow sequence with longer holds and the calming nature of restorative poses. Allow yourself this time to recharge your body and mind in a warm, welcoming environment.

Jess’s Rise & Shine yoga class is designed to work out the kinks and help you feel your best for the day ahead-- both mentally and physically. Each class will begin with a few minutes of centering and breath work, followed by easeful movement to warm the body and gentle flow-style asana. Class will always end with a few minutes of meditation and/or relaxation to ease the transition from on-the-mat-yoga to off-the-mat-yoga (the yoga of everyday living).

Ayurvedic Yoga Flow with Christie

Ayurvedic Yoga Flow: This class looks at Yoga through the lens of Ayurveda, so it incorporates a few different styles of Yoga into one practice that results in balance for all body types in a group setting. Typically, there is a blend of Pranayama (breath work) while centering and grounding, Yin Yoga or stretching postures to open up, warm-up, Vinyasa Yoga Flow to create heat, cool down, and a Yoga Nidra meditative body scan before a Savasana (supine position.) This is available for all levels of students from beginner to advanced!

Slow flow with longer posture holds. Appropriate for all ability levels.

Kripalu Yoga with Vanessa

Kripalu yoga is designed to adapt to all body types, ages, fitness levels, and interests. Classes typically start with a brief centering and a coming into stillness. They incorporate some breathe work stretches so that the spine is moved in six directions. Then class moves to asanas postures),standing balances, and conclude in shivasana (rest pose) so that students leave the class feeling refreshed and restored. Classes are often defined as gentle, moderate, or vigorous, referring to the intensity of practice; however, because our needs vary from day to day and over time, students in Kripalu Yoga classes are encouraged to tune in to their bodies and practice at intensity that feels right in the present moment. All Levels Welcome

Ashtanga Practice - Half Primary

This isn’t really a traditional Half Primary but it’s similar. After quick warm-up practitioners will move directly into the sun salutations with traditional Sanskrit count and the full ashtanga standing sequence with plenty of assists/adjustments. Then in the seated sequence, we skip around a bit. Practice finishes with back bending, inversions and rest. This is a great class for folks who want to learn about traditional ashtanga yoga practice. It is a dynamic practice. Modi cations for some of the more advanced postures are provided.

This 60-minute class is designed for all levels and will be focused on movement, mobility, and release. Our body’s all move in a different way, but our joints all have the same general function. By release and rolling out our tissues located around our muscles and joints, we can allow the bodies movement to function with ease. During this class, we will flow through a gentle warm-up to awaken our muscles, joints, and tissues, followed by a full-body release using props, tools, and our breath. My goal with teaching the roll and release class is to not only educate people but to allow for a comfortable space for those looking to release tension that we carry with us throughout our daily lives.

This 75 minute moderate level complete Vinyasa practice will be taught in a way that will allow you to work within your own level of experience. Modifications will be offered and encouraged. Our class will focus on mindful breathing and alignment to support an enjoyable Vinyasa experience, leading you to increased strength, flexibility and unexpected openings.

Easy Ashtanga

This class will focus on the fundamentals of traditional Ashtanga asana practice: breath, bandha, vinyasa. We’ll begin with yoga breathing practices and a little warm-up, then move into sun salutations and the primary standing postures. The class will finish with seated postures and rest. Geared towards those interested in learning about the Ashtanga practice and those just beginning or getting back into yoga practice. Appropriate for all levels.